Pigmentary problems refer to disorders that cause changes in the color of the skin due to abnormalities in melanin production or distribution. Common pigmentary issues include hyperpigmentation, where areas of the skin become darker than the surrounding skin, and hypopigmentation, where areas become lighter. Hyperpigmentation can result from conditions such as melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), and sun damage.

Melasma, often triggered by hormonal changes, presents as dark, symmetrical patches on the face. PIH occurs following skin injury or inflammation, leading to dark spots in the affected area. Hypopigmentation conditions, like vitiligo, result in loss of skin color in patches due to the destruction or malfunction of melanocytes, the cells responsible for producing melanin.

Treatment for pigmentary problems varies depending on the underlying cause and severity. For hyperpigmentation, topical treatments like hydroquinone, retinoids, and vitamin C are commonly used to lighten dark spots. Chemical peels, laser therapy, and microdermabrasion can also help improve skin tone. Managing hypopigmentation, especially in conditions like vitiligo, can be more challenging.